The smartwatch continuously monitor unusually high or low heart rates in the background, which could be signs of a serious underlying condition.

Worldwide, heart disease and strokes are among the leading causes of death. Of course, regular exercising improves nearly every aspect of one’s health. A company that has been pointing people in the right direction by motivating us to exercise is Apple with its Watch series. It has been a great year for Apple as it has introduced three smartwatches — Apple Watch SE (2022), Apple Watch Series 8 and Apple Watch Ultra, the last one has the potential to be a game changer for anyone into endurance sports.

The Apple Watch is taking a similar trajectory as the iPhone, which encourages people to take photographs; with the Watch, wearers are encouraged to take fitness seriously. World Heart Day comes once a year (was on September 29) but it’s necessary to take heart health seriously through the year. Here we look at some of the features on the Apple Watch that can help you.

Few things to remember

Apple Watch highlights quite a few health-related parameters but serious health concerns need to be examined by doctors. Over time, Apple Watch has alerted users around the world of potential signs of atrial fibrillation (AFib), and helped many more establish everyday habits to keep their heart healthy over the long term. The company and its CEO Tim Cook receives letters from people around the world as to how the Apple Watch has helped them. To get the maximum out of the Apple Watch, dive into the Health app on the iPhone.

विज्ञान एक ऐसी विद्या या ज्ञान है  जहा संसार में  उपस्थित हर वस्तु  या घटना के बारे में जानने का प्रयास किया जाता है और इन वस्तु और घटना के पीछे मुख्य रूप से  3 सवालों क्या ,क्यों और कैसे का जवाब ढको खोज की जाती है या खोजने का प्रयास किया जाता है। इसकी अनेक शाखाएं है और कई नई शाखाओं  का जन्म होते रहता है जिससे यह क्षेत्र और जुड़ा विस्तृत और समृद्ध होते जा रहा है। यह एक प्रकार से हम कह सकते है की विज्ञान मानव को जिज्ञासा का परिणाम है और मानव ने अपनी जिज्ञासा को शांत करने के लिए क्या क्या कार्य किए है इनके बारे में हम विज्ञान विषय के अंतर्गत अध्ययन करते है। इस विषय , क्षेत्र में हर जगह के लोगो चाहे वे भारत के हो या अफ्रीका , यूरोप , अमेरिका या अन्य जगह के हो सभी ने योगदान दिया है। पश्चिम देशों के योगदान के बारे में तो सभी जानते है। इस लेख में हम भारतीय विज्ञान के बारे में , विज्ञान में भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की उपलब्धियों और उनके योगदान के बारे में जानने का प्रयास करेंगे।

 Geneva, September 30

Cholera cases have surged this year, especially in places of poverty and conflict, with outbreaks reported in 26 countries and fatality rates rising sharply, a World Health Organization official said on Friday.

In a typical year, fewer than 20 countries report outbreaks of the disease which is spread by the ingestion of contaminated food or water and can cause acute diarrhoea.

"After years of declining numbers, we are seeing a very worrying upsurge of cholera outbreaks around the globe over the past year," Philippe Barboza, WHO Team Lead for Cholera, told a press briefing in Geneva.

The average fatality rate so far this year has almost tripled compared with the five-year average and is currently around 3% in Africa, he added.

While most of those affected will have mild or no symptoms, cholera can kill within hours if untreated.

A cholera outbreak in Syria has already killed at least 33 people, posing a danger across the frontlines of the country's 11-year-long war and stirring fears in crowded camps for the displaced.

Barboza also expressed concern about outbreaks in the Horn of Africa and parts of Asia, including Pakistan, where some regions are flooded.

He said only a few million doses of vaccines were available for use before the end of this year, citing a shortage of manufacturers among the problems.

WHO maintains an emergency stockpile of cholera vaccines.

"So it's very clear that we do not have enough vaccine to respond to both acute outbreaks and even less to be able to implement preventive vaccination campaigns that could be a way to reduce the risk for many countries," he said.

There was no overall estimate of the number of cholera cases across the world because of differences in countries' surveillance systems, he said. Reuters

 Mansa, September 30

Expired medicines are allegedly being sold at a Mansa-based private hospital after altering dates on strips. A video clip of the incident has gone viral on social media platforms and remained a talking point among residents of the district on Friday.

An employee of the hospital can be seen “tampering” with wrappers of medicines in the clip. The Civil Surgeon has ordered a probe and sought a report from senior health department officials.

Gurlabh Singh Mahal, an activist and complainant, said: “The veracity of the video must be ascertained and if any wrongdoing is found on the part of hospital, strict action must be taken. Selling expired medicines can snuff life out of any patient. Those who want to mint money at the expense of people’s lives must not be spared.”

Dr Ranjit Singh Rai, Civil Surgeon (officiating), Mansa, said: “I have ordered a probe and a team of senior health department officials has been constituted. As per preliminary investigation, a few medicines of expired date apart from other medicines were found, which have been seized by the Health Department. Our team has also taken samples of medicines and sent these for examination. Further action will be taken after the report arrives.”

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will launch the much-awaited 5G services in India on October 1, 2022, an official release said on Friday.

According to the release, 5G to be launched by the Prime Minister in select cities, will progressively cover the entire country over the next couple of years.

The cumulative economic impact of 5G on India is estimated to reach USD 450 billion by 2035.

Capable of supporting ultra-high-speed internet services, the fifth generation or 5G is expected to unleash new economic opportunities and societal benefits, serving as a transformational force for Indian society.

"Prime Minister, Narendra Modi will launch 5G services in India on October 1, 2022 and also inaugurate the 6th Edition of India Mobile Congress 2022 to be held from October 1-4, 2022, at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi," the release added.

It is pertinent to mention here that 5G offers speed multiple times faster than 4G, supports lag-free connectivity, and can enable billions of connected devices to share data in real-time.

Besides powering ultra-low latency connections, which allow downloading full-length high-quality video or movie to a mobile device in a matter of seconds (even in crowded areas), 5G can enable solutions such as e-health, connected vehicles, more-immersive augmented reality and metaverse experiences, life-saving use cases, and advanced mobile cloud gaming, among others.

“5G can unleash new economic opportunities and societal benefits giving it the potential for being a transformational force for Indian society. It will help the country leapfrog the traditional barriers to development, spur innovations by startups and business enterprises as well as advance the ‘Digital India’ vision,” the official release said.

The launch of 5G services in India, the world's second-biggest smartphone market after China, follows years of intense preparation.

India's biggest ever auction of telecom spectrum held recently had received a record Rs 1.5 lakh crore of bids, with Mukesh Ambani's Jio cornering nearly half of all the airwaves sold with a Rs 88,078 crore bid.

Telecom tycoon Sunil Bharti Mittal's Bharti Airtel made a successful bid of Rs 43,084 crore, while Vodafone Idea Ltd bought spectrum for Rs 18,799 crore.

Gautam Adani's group, whose entry in the auction was billed by some as another flashpoint in the rivalry with Ambani, paid Rs 212 crore for 400 MHz. Adani group bought spectrum in the 26 GHz band, which is suitable for setting up a private network for end-to-end communication.

The auction aggregated the demand for a robust 5G ecosystem that can cater to its use cases involving IoT (Internet of Things), M2M (Machine-to-Machine communication), AI (Artificial Intelligence), Edge Computing, and robotics.

The Telecom Department has amended Right of Way (RoW) Rules in August 2022, wherein the charges for permissions to lay cables and set up towers have been made reasonable and a ceiling for rates for installation of 5G small cells and optical fibre cable on street furniture has been fixed.

The Department of Telecom has set up a 5G testbed with help of IITs, IISc Bengaluru and SAMEER to develop technology in 2018.

A 5G hackathon was commenced in 2020, to trigger ideation and prototyping of use-cases by startups and has led to spurring innovative products, the official release said.

An inter-ministerial committee on 5G use-cases has been functioning since 2021, in coordination with 12 Central Ministries, enabling setting up of 5G use-case labs. Consultations with industry have been held enabling the 5G ecosystem to make handsets available.

C-DOT is also developing 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) in collaboration with local industry and start-ups. It has already tested 4G Core in collaboration with TCS and Tejas Networks successfully.

“All these will help in answering the Prime Minister's clarion call on 'Jai Anusandhan'. All these efforts are game-changers for India's manufacturing and Telecom ecosystem leading to domestic 5G enterprise carrier grade stacks as well as innovative impactful 5G use-cases," the release said.The theme of India Mobile Congress this year is 'Encapsulate, Engage and Experience a New Digital Universe' and the blockbuster telecom event aims to promote new technologies, particularly the indigenous ones so people can experience the usages and applications of 5G.

The other objectives are promoting local manufacturing, fostering cooperation, inspiring inclusive and sustainable development, promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, driving foreign and local investments, among others.

The mega event is expected to attract over 5,000 CXOs and delegates, over 250 exhibitors, 100-plus start-ups, more than 300 speakers, with an expected footfall of 70,000 participants and visitors.

A roundtable conference with State IT Ministers is also planned during the IMC 2022 for discussions on the role of States and union territories in the rollout of 5G, business opportunities, need for skill development and for interaction with potential start-ups and investors.  

The digital world creates situations where nothing remains confidential or secret. At present, cyber crime has become a topic of discussion in almost all international level conferences. In today's time, the Internet has become the biggest means of time-saving because the cost of doing any work has been reduced to less than half. The Internet has brought discipline, elegance and certainty into our lives, but it has also brought with it a thriving world of crime. Trolling, information and identity theft, sex crimes, pornography, and virus attacks are the main components of this criminal world. Cybercrime is an illegal act in which information technology or computers are used. Advances in information technology have also opened the way for new possibilities in the field of criminal activity. Cyber laws have also been made to deal with such crimes.

Cybercrime refers to illegal acts committed against other computers by using a computer system as a weapon. Currently, cybercrime is used to extort money from a person by sharing information about his confidential information with others, in addition to unauthorised access to his privacy through social networking. Through cyber warfare, a country can destroy the computer networks of another country or challenge the sovereignty of a nation by gaining strategically important information. While the US and Israel used cyber technology against Iran's nuclear programme in 2009, the US presidential election held in 2016 was exposed to hacking by the Russian government. By the way, it is not a matter of just any one country’s being able to curb this problem. This is a global problem and its solution can also be found at the global level.

India has emerged as a favourable place for such attacks due to its diversity. The development of cyber security systems in India is still in its infancy. At a time when our country is rapidly moving towards 'digitisation', the threat of cyber security is also increasing. The problem of privacy violations on the Internet in India is also becoming serious. The attack of computer virus like 'Ransomware' on countries of the world, including India is considered to be possibly the biggest cyber attack in history till date. Therefore, in the age of the present digital and information-communication technology, while the use of the Internet is increasing in abundance, there is a need for better 'cyber security' in these circumstances. Cyber security refers to the protection of cyber space from attack, damage, misuse etc. by economic espionage.

In view of the increasing diversity and intensity of cybercrime, all countries should try to move towards a solution to this problem together, because in the era of globalisation of information and communication technology, a proper solution to this problem can be done only by the coordinated efforts of all nations. In view of the increasing number of cyber attacks in India also, efforts have been made in this direction from time to time, such as the Information Technology (Amendment) Act-2008, India's new Cyber Policy-2013, and a provision for cyber security by the Department of Information Technology.

Cybercrime is a serious and complex problem in the digital world. Hackers often break into computer networks whose security networks are weak. Therefore, it should be our primary need to build a technically sound network by upgrading the technology. Cybercrimes can be prevented by using IT technologies, biometric technology systems etc. On the economic side of cyber security, 'cyber insurance' can be a better endeavour. Today, when the Internet revolution has entered its fifth generation, if we can overcome the challenge of cyber attacks and succeed in making the Internet secure and reliable, then surely this information revolution will prove to be a boon for us. 

Author-Pradeep Vaishnaw 

Japanese scientists researching a lot to keep us younger forever. 

"zombie cell"(senescent cell) Causes damage or death of neighbour cell.

अक्सर माता-पिता अपने बच्चे के भविष्य के लिए चिंतित रहते हैं कि किस क्षेत्र को बच्चे के करियर के लिए चुने? किस क्षेत्र में रोजगार के अच्छे अवसर मिल सकते हैं?  साथ ही साथ हमें यह जानने की जिज्ञासा भी होती है कि विश्व के वैज्ञानिक कैसे कार्य करते हैं? कैसे नई उत्पन्न हुई बीमारियों के इलाज के लिए दवाइयों का निर्माण करते हैं? कैसे शोध कार्य किए जाते हैं?  मानव जाति की प्रकृति में ही जिज्ञासा है इसलिए हमें अनेक प्रकार की जिज्ञासा होती है तो चलिए आज जानते हैं

विज्ञान की एक तेजी से उभरती हुई शाखा बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स के बारे में कि क्या है बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स? कैसे  बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स हमारे जीवन में उपयोगी है और हम कैसे इसका उपयोग करते हैं? इस क्षेत्र के बारे में अभी भी साधारण मनुष्य को पर्याप्त जानकारी नहीं है तो सबसे पहले यह जानना और समझना जरूरी है कि क्या होता है बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स?  जैव सूचना विज्ञान या बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स एक तीव्र गति से उभरती हुई विज्ञान की शाखा है इसमें कंप्यूटर विज्ञान और जीव विज्ञान दोनों ही महत्वपूर्ण शाखाओं का एक साथ अध्ययन किया जाता है। इस क्षेत्र में जीव विज्ञान, रसायन विज्ञान, गणित, सांख्यिकी और कंप्यूटर विज्ञान का उपयोग करते हैं अर्थात इन सभी विषयों के समावेश से ही बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स का निर्माण हुआ है।

इस क्षेत्र में जैविक जानकारियों का बारीकी से अध्ययन करें उपयुक्त उपकरणों के उपयोग से अत्याधुनिक सॉफ्टवेयर का निर्माण किया जाता है। जैव सूचना विज्ञान की सहायता से मनुष्य, पेड़-पौधों और जानवरों में होने वाले रोगों को समझना एवं उनके रोकथाम के लिए दवाइयों की खोज में लगने वाले समय को कम करना और मौसम से संबंधित जानकारियों का अनुमान लगाना जैसे कार्य कर पाना संभव हो पाया है। यह साधारण आदमी के जीवन को सरल बनाने में उपयोगी है बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स की मदद से साधारण इंसान और समाज से संबंधित कुछ अहम समस्याओं को हल कर पाना संभव हो पाया है। बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स ने विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में रिसर्च करने के तरीकों को ही बदल दिया है। किसी भी शोध कार्य की शुरुआत प्रयोग से करने के बजाय अब कंप्यूटर में पहले से उपलब्ध डेटाबेस एवं उपयुक्त सॉफ्टवेयर की मदद से ढूंढना एवं तुलना से किया जाता है।

किसी वैज्ञानिक द्वारा एक जीन के अनुक्रम प्राप्त कर लेने के बाद उसकी तुलना डेटाबेस में उपलब्ध अनुक्रम से की जाती है और दोनों में समानता के आधार पर उस जीन की उत्पत्ति और कार्यशैली के बारे में पता लगाया जाता है। इसकी मदद से किसी जानलेवा बीमारी के लिए जिम्मेदार जीन समूहों का पता लगाया जा सकता है एवं उस बीमारी के इलाज के लिए औषधि निर्माण के लिए लक्ष्य निर्धारित कर उस लक्ष्य को प्राप्त करने के लिए उपयुक्त अणु को डिजाइन किया जाता है। बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स मेडिसिन और हेल्थकेयर इंडस्ट्री में असरदार प्रोडक्ट बनाने में अपना महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देता है। किसी पौधे या जंतु के जीवन में परिवर्तन कर बेहतर उपज वाले बीजों का एवं बेहतर नस्ल वाले जंतुओं का निर्माण किया जाना संभव है जिसके परिणाम स्वरूप मानव जाति का फायदा होता है।

इसके प्रयोग से कैंसर के इलाज में प्रयुक्त जीन थैरेपी की सटीक जानकारी प्राप्त की जा सकती है और साथ ही मनुष्य, पेड़-पौधों और जानवरों के विकास एवं वितरण संबंधित अध्ययन में उपयोग में लाया जा सकता है। इसकी मदद से जीन मैपिंग के माध्यम से अनुवांशिकी संबंधित जानकारी को संरक्षित एवं पुनः प्राप्त करने में आसानी होती है। आज के दौर में लगभग हर काम डिजिटल हो रहा है। आजकल हमारी डेली लाइफ के तकरीबन सभी क्षेत्र में विज्ञान का असर दिखाई देता है। पूरी दुनिया इन दिनों विज्ञान और टेक्नोलॉजी के विकास पर पूरा फोकस कर रही है। बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स में करियर बनाने के लिए सबसे बड़ी बात यह है कि इसमें नीट जैसी परीक्षा को पास करने की जरूरत नहीं पड़ती है।

इस विषय में 12वीं के बाद बीएससी, एमएससी, डिप्लोमा कोर्स, एमफिल एवं पीएचडी किया जा सकता है। इस क्षेत्र में रोजगार के अच्छे अवसर मिलते हैं। अगर आप इस क्षेत्र में अपना करियर बनाना चाहते हैं तो आप बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स में बीटेक या बीएससी कर सकते हैं इसके लिए 12वीं में साइंस स्ट्रीम होना जरूरी है। इसके आगे आप इसमें एडवांस डिप्लोमा भी कर सकते हैं साथ ही बायोइन्फॉर्मेटिक्स में M-Tech भी किया जा सकता है। इस फील्ड में मुख्य रूप से वेब आधारित कार्यक्रमों और डेटाबेसों को नियोजित करने का कार्य किया जाता है। बीआरएल, राॅश, कैबेज जैसी कंपनियों में विभिन्न जॉब प्रोफेशनल पर रहकर कार्य कर सकते हैं जैसे साइंटिफिक क्यूरेटर, जीन एनालिस्ट, प्रोटीन एनालिस्ट, रिसर्च साइंटिस्ट इत्यादि।

ऑथर:- आफरीन 

London,(PTI) Autistic children who are exposed to air pollution for even relatively brief periods may be at higher risk of being admitted to hospital, with boys more at risk than girls, a study suggests.

The research, published in the journal BMJ Open, found that admissions for issues such as hyperactivity, aggression, or self-injury might be prevented by minimising these children’s exposure to air pollution.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a range of symptoms and severity. It is often accompanied by neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation meaning drugs, supplements, and diet can improve the core symptoms.

It is believed that short-term exposure to air pollution (days to weeks) can induce systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, potentially increasing the risk of hospital admission in autistic people.

The researchers from Seoul National University Hospital, Korea, drew on official government data on daily hospital admissions for autism among children aged 5 to 14 between 2011 and 2015.

They collected information on national daily levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) in each of the 16 regions in the Republic of Korea for up to six days.

The average daily number of hospital admissions for autism during the study period was 8.5 for autistic children and was much higher for boys (7) than for girls (1.6).

Analysis of the data showed that short-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 was associated with a heightened risk of hospital admission for autism, and that boys were at greater risk than girls.

A 10 microgrammes per cubic metre (µg/m3) increase in PM2.5 levels was associated with a 17 per cent higher risk of hospital admission for autism, the researchers said.

A 10 parts per billion increase in NO2, and O3 was associated with a 9 per cent and 3 per cent higher risk, respectively, they said.

The researchers calculated that exposure to these pollutants was associated with a one-quartile increase, which corresponds to a 29 per cent higher risk of hospital admission for autism, with NO2 exerting the strongest effects, according to the researchers.

The team acknowledged that it used regional air pollution levels rather than individual ones, which could have affected the findings. Also, autistic children with mild symptoms might be less likely to receive psychiatric treatment and so might not have been included, they said.

“This study suggests that short-term exposure to air pollution affects ASD symptom aggravation, which is more prominent among boys than among girls,” the researchers said.

“These results emphasise that reduction of air pollution exposure should be considered for ASD symptom management, with important implications for the quality of life and economic costs,”

London,(PTI) Scientists have genetically modified mosquitoes with the ability to slow the growth of malaria-causing parasites in their gut, an advance that can help prevent transmission of the disease to humans.

These engineered mosquitoes produce compounds which impede the growth of malaria-causing parasites, which are then unlikely to reach the mosquitoes’ salivary glands and be passed on in a bite before the insects die.

Researchers from the Institute for Disease Modeling at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation developed a model which can assess the impact of such modifications if used in a variety of African settings.

They found that the modification in question could be effective even where transmission is high.

While the technique, described in a paper published in Science Advances journal. has been shown to dramatically reduce the possibility of malaria spread in a lab setting, if proven safe and effective in real-world settings, it could offer a powerful new tool to help eliminate malaria.

The disease is transmitted between people through a female mosquito after it bites someone infected with the malaria parasite. The parasite then develops into its next stage in the mosquito’s gut and travels to its salivary glands, ready to infect the next person the mosquito bites.

However, only around 10 per cent of mosquitoes live long enough for the parasite to develop far enough to be infectious. The team aimed to lengthen the odds even further, by extending the time it takes for the parasite to develop in the gut.

Researchers from the Transmission:Zero team at Imperial College London, UK, genetically modified the main malaria-carrying species of mosquito in sub-Saharan Africa, Anopheles gambiae, such that the mosquito produces antimicrobial peptides in its guts, when it takes a blood meal.

These peptides impair the malarial parasite’s development by interfering with the energy metabolism of the parasite and also, causing the mosquitoes to have a shorter lifespan and further hampering their ability to pass on the parasite.

By the time, the next parasite stage could reach the mosquito salivary glands, most mosquitoes in nature are expected to die.

“We need to develop innovative new tools because mosquitoes and the parasites they carry are becoming resistant to available interventions such as insecticides and treatments, and funding has plateaued,” said co-first author of the study, Tibebu Habtewold.

“Delaying the parasite’s growth in the mosquito has opened many more opportunities to block malaria transmission from mosquitoes to humans,” said study co-first author, Astrid Hoermann .

To use the genetic modification to prevent malaria spread in the real world, it needs to be spread from lab-bred mosquitoes to wild ones. The innovation is so designed that it can be coupled with existing ‘gene drive’ technology to spread the modification and drastically cut malaria transmission.

“Gene drive is one such powerful weapon that in combination with drugs, vaccines and mosquito control can help stop the spread of malaria and save human lives,” study co-lead author Professor George Christophides said.

Gene drive can be added to mosquitoes that would cause the anti-parasite genetic modification to be preferentially inherited, making it spread more widely among any natural populations.

Being new, it would, however, require extremely careful planning to minimise risks before any field trials.

The Transmission:Zero team is, therefore, creating two separate but compatible strains of modified mosquitoes – one with the anti-parasite modification and one with the gene drive.

They can then test the anti-parasite modification on its own first, only adding in the gene drive once it has been shown to be effective.

With partners in Tanzania, the team set up a facility to generate and handle genetically modified mosquitoes and conduct some first tests. These include collecting parasites from locally infected schoolchildren, to ensure the modification works against the parasites circulating in relevant communities.

They are also fully risk assessing any potential releases of modified mosquitoes, taking into account any potential hazards and making sure they have buy-in from the local community. But they are hopeful that their intervention can ultimately help in eradicating malaria.

Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases globally, putting at risk about half of the world’s population. In 2021 alone, it infected 241 million and killed 627,000 people, mostly children aged below five years old in sub-Saharan Africa, the researchers said. PTI