Bhopal,  Eight cheetahs will be brought to Madhya Pradesh's Kuno-Palpur National Park by helicopter on September 17 morning, a senior official said on Monday.

 

 
Ayodhya (UP),  An estimated cost of Rs 1,800 crore will be incurred to build the Ram temple in Ayodhya, officials of the trust responsible for the construction of the structure has said.

The Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust, formed on the Supreme Court's orders for the construction of the temple, approved its rules and manual after a marathon meeting here on Sunday.

At the meeting held at the Faizabad Circuit House, the trust members also unanimously decided to make space for idols of prominent Hindu seers in the temple complex.

The trust has estimated an expenditure of Rs 1,800 crore for the construction of the Ram temple only, based on a report filed by experts.

The general secretary of the trust, Champat Rai, said after long contemplation and suggestions from everyone concerned, the rules and bye-laws of the trust were finalised at the meeting.

The trust has also decided to make space for idols of prominent Hindu seers and the main characters from the Ramayana period in the temple complex, he added.

Rai said 14 of the 15 trust members attended the meeting.

Construction committee chairman Nripendra Mishra, trust chairman Mahant Nritya Gopal Das, treasurer Govind Dev Giri, member Udupi Peethadheeshwar Vishwatirtha Prasannacharya, Dr Anil Mishra, Mahant Dinendra Das, Kameshwar Chaupal and ex-officio member District Magistrate Nitish Kumar were among those who were present physically, while Keshav Parasharan, Yugpurush Parmanand, Vimalendra Mohan Pratap Mishra and ex-officio member state Principal Secretary, Home, Sanjay Kumar participated virtually.

The construction of the temple is expected to be completed by December 2023 and Lord Ram is expected to be seated in the sanctum sanctorum by the Makar Sankranti festival in January 2024, Rai said.

Thiruvananthapuram :The Congress party's Bharat Jodo Yatra entered the second day in Kerala on Monday, amid an encouraging turnout of people who have been lining up the streets of the state in thousands to extend support to Rahul Gandhi who has embarked on the 3,500 km Kanyakumari-Kashmir footmarch

The 150-day yatra had been launched from Kanyakumari in neighbouring Tamil Nadu on September 7

Gandhi commenced his walk from Vellayani junction here on Monday morning

Besides those turning up to join the yatra, scores of people lined up on both sides of the road to witness the 'padayatra' led by Gandhi, who is also the MP from Wayanad in Kerala

On Monday, the yatra will halt at Pattom around 11 am and resume at 5 pm to reach Kazhakuttom, where the journey will end for the day, according to an itinerary of the yatra released by the Congress

The Bharat Jodo Yatra, which entered Kerala on Saturday evening, will traverse through the state covering 450 kilometres, touching seven districts over a period of 19 days before entering Karnataka on October 1

On Sunday, when the day's yatra ended at Nemom here, Gandhi had said Kerala respects everyone and does not allow itself to be divided or hatred to spread, and that the Bharat Jodo Yatra, in a sense, was an extension of these ideas

"Standing together, working together in harmony is natural and normal for the people of Kerala and you have shown this to the rest of the country," he had said

"Kerala respects everyone in Kerala. It does not allow itself to be divided nor does it allow hatred to spread in the state. So in a sense, Bharat Jodo Yatra is just an extension of the ideas that prevail in Kerala," Gandhi further said

The first day of Congress' Bharat Jodo Yatra in Kerala, where the party has a significant cadre base and followers, had also seen a huge turnout which increased during the day as the journey progressed from Parassala to Nemom in the southernmost district of the state

The yatra will cover 12 states and two Union territories, and a distance of 3,570 km from Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu to Jammu and Kashmir over a period of 150 days

There will be mega rallies in 22 major cities.

New Delhi, Sep 10 India logged 5,554 new coronavirus infections, raising the tally to 4,44,90,283, while the active cases further declined to 48,850, the Union Health Ministry said on Saturday.

The death toll climbed to 5,28,139 with 18 fresh fatalities, which included two deaths reconciled by Kerala, data updated by the ministry at 8 am stated.

The active cases comprises 0.11 per cent of the total infections.

The national COVID-19 recovery rate has increased to 98.70 per cent, the health ministry said.

A decline of 786 cases has been recorded in the active COVID-19 case count in a span of 24 hours, it said.

The daily positivity rate was recorded at 1.47 per cent and the weekly positivity rate at 1.80 per cent, the ministry said.

The number of people who have recuperated from the disease surged to 4,39,13,294, while the case fatality rate was recorded at 1.19 per cent, it said.  According to the ministry, 214.77 crore vaccine doses have been administered in the country so far under the nationwide COVID-19 inoculation drive. 

New Delhi: A constitutional bench of the Supreme Court began hearing a petition concerning the row over control of administrative services in Delhi Wednesday A five-judge bench headed by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud said ir will  fix the schedule for the hearing of the Arvind Kejriwal-led Delhi government’s plea on the contentious issue on 27 September. 

The issue concerns the scope of the legislative and executive powers of the Centre and the Delhi government over control of administrative services, which include appointments and transfers, in the national capital. A bench headed by Chief Justice of India (CJI) U.U. Lalit had said Monday that the  matter required urgent examination.A constitutional bench is one that comprises at least five judges of the Supreme Court and decides matters of substantial importance, related to the interpretation of the Constitution.

  This is the second time that a constitutional bench has been set up to decide on issues between the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government and Delhi’s lieutenant governor — the Centre’s representative in the capital — in the past four years.

 What gave rise to the Delhi dispute?

 Delhi enjoys special status in India, being a Union territory with the feature of a state, having an elected legislature.

 Article-239 of the Constitution empowers the lieutenant governor (L-G) of any Union territory to act independently of the council of ministers. But in 1992, through the 69th constitutional amendment, the Parliament  inserted  Article 239AA in the Constitution, which mandated an elected assembly for Delhi. However, in the past few years, governance in the national capital has often been a subject of conflict between the Delhi government and the L-G. In 2015, Delhi chief minister and AAP national convenor Arvind Kejriwal got embroiled in a conflict with then L-G Najeeb Jung over the appointment  of the chief secretary and  institution  of corruption enquiries. The matter had reached the Delhi High Court, which had ruled that Delhi continued to be a Union territory despite the enactment of Article 239AA, which rendered all commissions of enquiries set up without the concurrence of the L-G illegal. The concurrence of the L-G was mandatory for decisions, the Delhi HC had said.The Kejriwal government had then challenged the Delhi High Court decision in Supreme Court, which had referred it to a constitutional bench.

‘LG bound by aid & advice of elected govt, council of ministers’

The SC verdict was contrary to that of the Delhi HC.   In 2018, a constitutional bench of apex court in the  Government of NCT of Delhi v Union of India ,had held that the chief minister is the executive head of Delhi.The L-G was bound by the aid and advice of the elected government or the council of ministers, it said.“The limited issue that has been referred to this Bench relates to the scope of legislative and executive powers of the Centre and NCT Delhi with respect to the term services. The Constitution bench of this court, while interpreting Article 239AA(3)(a) of the Constitution, did not find any occasion to specifically interpret the impact of the wordings of the same with respect to Entry 41 in the State List (sic),” the apex court had said in 2018.After laying down the broader principles, the constitutional bench asked a two-judge bench to look into the individual and specific issues raised in the appeals, while keeping these principles in mind.Following this verdict, the matter was taken up by a two-judge bench of the Supreme Court, which dealt with control over administrative services. 

Control over administrative services

 However, in 2019, the bench of Justice A.K. Sikri and Justice A.K. Bhushan (now retired), delivered a split verdict on the aspect of who controls administrative services in Delhi.   The bench gave a unanimous opinion on the remaining five issues, except for the control over administrative services, which include appointments and transfers. For instance, they ruled  that the NCT government was empowered to appoint a special public prosecutor. And, if the L-G wanted to appoint a special public prosecutor, then he should act on the aid and advice of the council of ministers.  On the issue of revision of minimum rates of agricultural land, the two-judge bench agreed that the Delhi government can take a decision on circle rates. But in case of a difference of opinion, the L-G may refer the matter to the President. 

The bench also ruled that the central government holds exclusive authority over the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) and the power to set up commissions of inquiry.  On the subject of transfers in services, Sikri opined that it can be done only by the Centre, whereas Bhushan said the Centre had no power at all to rule on administrative services.

The two-judge bench had recommended that a three-judge bench be set up to decide the issue of control of administrative services.

However, at the Centre’s request, the plea  was refered  to a five-judge constitutional bench in May this year. The reference was done when the bench noticed that the five-judge bench decision of 2018 did not rule on the issue of “control of services”.  Keeping in view no decision on the limited question of services, they referred the issue of control of services to a constitutional bench.

Arguments and counter-arguments  The Centre has consistently maintained that because Delhi is the national capital and the face of the country, it must have control over administrative services, which include appointments and transfers. “The world views India through Delhi… the models of governance, provided for other Union territories were not considered appropriate for NCT of Delhi and a committee called the Balakrishnan Committee was set up to suggest an appropriate governance model, which could balance the need of the Union’s role and at the same time provide platform for democratic aspirations of the people,” Solicitor General Tushar Mehta had said

in April On the other hand, the Delhi government has argued that in the interest of federalism, the elected representatives must have power over transfers and postings.The Kejriwal government had also contended that the recent amendments to the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2021, violate the doctrine of basic structure of the Constitution.

 

 Labour minister keeps bureaucrats on toes 

New Union Labour Minister Bhupender Yadav has kept his bureaucrats on toes. Used to a laid-back working style during Yadav’s predecessor, Santosh Gangwar’s tenure, senior bureaucrats and department heads now have to attend an informal meeting with Yadav every Wednesday, when the minister reviews the status of the work assigned to them and also discusses new ideas.Not only this, ministry babus are also keeping alert nowadays just in case there is a surprise inspection by Yadav. Last Wednesday morning, around 9.45 am, Yadav caught many ministry officials unawares when he took a surprise inspection of the different floors where labour ministry officials sit to see if they have reported to work and the cleanliness in their rooms.Yadav also ensures that his junior minister Rameshwar Teli is in the loop. He assigned Teli to inspect one floor of the ministry with senior bureaucrats Wednesday. Yadav has also given instructions that Teli should be informed about every ministry meeting and takes him along whenever the latter is present in office. Teli also holds the additional charge of Minister of State in the petroleum ministry.

Allotting bungalows to ministers now, Gujarat cadre IAS officer once took UPSC to Supreme Court

 

Being the former private secretary to External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar is not the only interesting aspect from 2006 batch IAS officer Ravi Kumar Arora’s profile. Arora, who is from the Gujarat cadre, joined as director in the Union housing and urban affairs ministry, as in charge of Directorate of Estates that deals with sensitive issues related to allotment of Lutyens’ bungalows to ministers, judges and bureaucrats. But he has another interesting aspect to his career.

The Union Public Service Commission had originally disqualified Arora despite the fact that he cleared the civil services exam because of his partial blindness. He took the UPSC to the Supreme Court for rejecting his candidature. He eventually won the case with the apex court directing the Commission to reinstate him in the IAS under the disabled category. Arora has not looked back since. He was appointed PS to Jaishankar in July 2019.

Private secretaries of external affairs ministers are usually chosen from the Indian Foreign Service. Jaishankar made an exception by appointing a Gujarat cadre IAS as his PS. A great believer in destiny, Arora is busy these days finding bungalows for the three dozen new ministers who were inducted in the Narendra Modi cabinet in July.

 Trinamool MP suffers consecutive bereavements

 

Trinamool MP Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar has had two consecutive bereavements. Dastidar, who is an avid dog lover, lost both her dogs Pluto and Jesse — a retired CISF dog that she had adopted couple of years back — to an infection that was apparently a result of global warming, her vet told her.

Devastated, she spent a few miserable weeks before adopting another German Shepherd, Plutus- named after Pluto. Plutus too has now contracted the same infection but is doing well with medication.

 

 

Inflation is creating uncertainty across the world. Every day we are seeing surge in prices. US inflation has reached its highest point in nearly 40 years, same with UK. In India, we are seeing a huge spike in the inflation rate and Government trying hard to curtail the surge by putting a ban on exports for essential food items. 

Globally, the situation is quite similar as most countries are facing increase in the cost of food, oil and other essential goods. 

So, firstly let’s understand

What is Inflation?

To explain it in simple terms, inflation is the rate of increase in the general price level of any economic system. Inflation is the quantitative estimate of the rate at which the decline in purchasing power occurs can be reflected in the increase of an average price level of a goods and services in an economy over some period of time. 

What are the reasons for the current inflation?

There are broadly two reasons which is causing inflation globally. One is on the supply side the prices of commodities such as food and fuel are increasing due to global conditions caused due to the Covid 19 pandemic. Reserves are getting depleted. There is shortage of coal in Asia, natural gas shortage in Europe and a shortage of petrol across the globe which is contributing to the increased costs. 

Another reason is on the demand side, global economy is flush with cash. Cash stimulus was given to fuel the economy during lockdowns and many household had excess cash to spend.  Due to this imbalance is supply and demand factors the prices of such resources have increased. 

To sustain ourselves during the rising era of inflation, every household needs to take immediate measures to reduce expenses. 

Inflation is creating uncertainty across the world. Every day we are seeing surge in prices. US inflation has reached its highest point in nearly 40 years, same with UK.

How to reduce expenses in an era of inflation

 Make a budget: 

The very first step and the most effective one to keep costs from increasing is to make a budget. It is important to have a spending plan, this will ensure that you are aware of what you are spending on and is it need based or just a frivolous expense. 

You need to have a budget for things which are directly affected due to inflation such as food, petrol, clothing and housing. At the beginning of every month, budgeting should be done for all the essential items you will require. This is help you understand the expenses you can avoid and also stop you from using up money from your savings. 

Cut unnecessary expenses :  

Simple cost cutting measures can help combat rising prices. Currently the prices of petrol and diesel have sky rocketed. In such a scenario you can cut down costs by car pooling or taking public transport while commuting. Also, you can start working out at home instead of at the gym and reduce your gym expenses. If you dine out, once every week , reduce it to every two weeks. Instead of watching movies every week at a multiplex, watch at home on the OTT platforms. Such measures can bring down your expenses considerably. 

Prioritise and find cheaper alternatives : 

Prioritise your needs and spend accordingly. Do not buy everything on credit cards. Also look for cheaper alternatives by being creative in your purchases. Keep looking for online deals and deals available at new stores while purchasing essential items as well. Try less expensive branded foods, cleaning products, hair products. 

Pay off credit card bills: 

Do not accumulate debt. Pay your credit card bills regularly. And by that I mean your entire credit card bill amount and not only minimum payments on it. This should be something you do not put off till the end of the month, rather pay off all the debt the beginning of the month itself. 

Maintain enough liquidity for a rainy day:

When prices increases, many people start making investments to keep pace with the rising inflation. However, during inflation the situation is quite volatile and thus it is advised to set aside enough cash to overcome any financial emergency. 

Hope this information helps you to manage your expenses. It was imperative to manage your debts well in current scenario. 

 

 

Author : Mr. Atul Mahajan

माननीय श्रीमति द्रौपदी मुर्मू जी ने भारत के 15 वें राश्ट्रपति के रूप में 25/7/2022 को अपना पद ग्रहण किया। भारतीय लोकतन्त्र में कार्यापालिका का मुखिया राश्ट्रपति को माना जाता है। भारत के संबिधान में राश्ट्रपति को संसद का अंग माना गया हैं, लोक सभा, राज्य सभा और राश्ट्रपति से भारतीय संसद बनती हैं। द्रौपदी मुर्मू जी देष की दूसरी महिला और पहली आदिवासी महिला राश्ट्रपति है। भारत के प्रथम राश्ट्रपति डॉ. राजेन्द्र प्रसाद जी थे, जबकि भारत की पहली महिला राश्ट्रपति श्रीमति प्रतिभा देवी सिंह पाटिल जी थी

भारतीय लोकतन्त्र में कार्यपालिका का प्रमुख राश्ट्रपति होता है, देष की कार्यपालिका अपने सभी फैसले राश्ट्रपति के नाम पर करती है। भारतीय लोकतंत्र के 3 आधार स्तम्भ है, न्यायपालिका, कार्यपालिक और विधायिका। जहाँ विधायिका को विधि का निर्माण करना है, वही कार्य पालिका उन विधि के अनुसार देष की षासन व्यवस्था चलाती हैं, और न्यायपालिका उन विधियों के अनुसार न्याय देने का कार्य करती है।

 

 

 कार्यपालिका के प्रमुख राश्ट्रपति जी को अप्रत्यक्ष चुनाव प्रक्रिया द्वारा चुना जाता है। उनके चुनाव के लिए एक संविधान के अनुच्छेद-54 के अनुसार एक निवचिक मण्डल की व्यवस्था की जायेगी, जिसमें संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य और सभी राज्य विधान सभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य भाग लेते है। इनका चुनाव गुप्त मतदान प्रक्रिया द्वारा किया जाता है। राश्ट्रपति चुन लिए जाने के बाद वह अपने पद पर 5 वर्श तक रहते है। 5 वर्श के पुर्व भी वह कभी-भी अपना त्यागपत्र उप-राश्ट्रपति को देकर अपना पद छोड़ सकते है। अनुच्छेद-61 के अनुसार संसद राश्ट्रपति के महाभियोग द्वारा भी हटा सकती है।

 

 किसी व्यक्ति को भारत का राश्ट्रपति बनने के लिए भारत का नागरिक होना आवष्यक है, इसके साथ ही उसका आयु 35 वर्श पूरी होनी चािहए, अधिकतम आयु का कोई प्रावधान नहंी हैं, सवंधिान में, साथ ही वह लाभ के पद पर न हो, तथा लोक सभा का सदस्य बनने की योग्यता रखता हो। कोई व्यक्ति भारत देष का राश्ट्रपति कितनी बार बनेगा इस विशय पर भारतीय संविधान मौन है। अमेरिका के संविधान में वहाँ को कोई केवल दो बार ही राश्ट्रपति बन सकता है। आज तक भारत में केवल डॉ राजेन्द्र प्रसाद ही ऐसे हैं जो दो बार(1952-1957) राश्ट्रपति निर्वाचित हुए थे।

संविधान के अनुच्छेद -53 के अनुसार राश्ट्रपति अपनी कार्यपलि कि षक्ति का प्रयोग स्वंय या मंत्रिमणल की सलाह से करते है ।  इसके बाद भी संविधान में कुछ विषेश षक्तियॉ उन्हें दी गई हैं, जिससे वे देष के लोकतन्त्र ओर संविधान की रक्षा करते है ।  वर्तमान समय में लोगों द्वारा राश्ट्रपति के पद पर यह आरोप लगाया जाता है, कि यहपद रबर स्टैम्प का पद है, परन्तु यह सत्य नहीं हैं । आइए हम इस बात की विवेचना इतिहास में झंाककर करते है ।

1 सबसे पहलें बात करते है, देष प्रथम राश्ट्रपति डॅा राजेन्द्र प्रसाद की जो 1950 से लेकर 1962 तक राश्ट्रपति रहे थें । इनका कार्यकाल सभी राश्ट्रपति में सबसे लम्बा हैं। राश्ट्रपति बनने से पहले से संविधान के अध्यक्ष और  स्वंतन्त्रता सेनानी भी रहे थें । राजेन्द्र प्रसाद और देष के पहले प्रधनमंत्री सेनानी भी रहे थें ।  राजेन्द्र प्रसाद और देष के पहले प्रधानमंत्री रण्स्ण् नेहरू के बीच हिन्दू कोड बील पर सहमति नहीं थी राजेन्द्र प्रसाद ने इस पर कई सवाल उठाये थे । इसी प्रकार राजेन्द्र प्रसाद के सोमनाद मंदिर (गुजरात) जाने से भी नेहरू सहमत नहीं थें नेहरू का मानना था, संवैधानिक पर पर रहते हुए राश्ट्रपति को धार्मिक कार्यक्रम में सामिल नहीं होना चाहिए जबकि राजेन्द्र प्रसाद को कहना था, सोमनाथ आक्रांताओं के सामने राश्ट्रीय गुरूर का प्रतीक है ।

 

2 भारत के दूसरे राश्ट्रपति डॅा सर्वपल्ली राधाकृश्ण थंे जो 1962 से 1967 तक राश्ट्रपति रहे ।  चीन से हार पर वह नेहरू संरकार पर जमकर बरसे थें ।  सर्वपल्ली राधाकृश्णन किसी मुददे पर अपनी राय देने और जरूरज पडे़ तो सरकार की आलोचना करने से नहीं चुकते थें । भारत में षिक्षक दिवस इनके जन्मदिन की याद में ही मनाया जाता है। मुस्लिम राश्ट्रपति थें ।  ये 1967 से 1969 तक राश्ट्रपति रहे । 

3.राश्ट्रपति के रूप में सबसे छोटा कार्यकाल जो लगभगा 1 वर्श 11 माह 20 दिन का था , इनका ही रहा ।

4.भारत के चौथे राश्ट्रपति वी.वी. गिरि (वराह वेकट गिरि) हुए। ये 1969 से 1974 तक भारत के राश्ट्रपति रहे। ये कांग्रेस के सदस्य थे। इन्होंने देष की पहली ‘‘रेलवे यूनियन‘‘ बनाई। ये नेहरू जी की सरकार में श्रम मंत्री भी रह चुके थे। इन्हें ‘‘भारत रत्न‘‘ का पुरस्कार भी दिया गया था। ये 1967 को देष के उपराश्ट्रपति बने, 1969 में राश्ट्रपति जाकिर हुसैन की मृत्यु के बाद, वी.वी. गीरि ने उपराश्ट्रपति का पद त्याग कर राश्ट्रपति का चुनाव निर्दलीय उम्मीदवार के रूप में लड़ा और चुनाव जीत कर राश्ट्रपति बने।

5 भारत के पॅाचवे राश्ट्रपति फखरूछीन अली अहमद बने ।  थें 1974 से 1977 तक राश्ट्रपति रहें। देष की प्रधान मंत्री इंदिरा गाँधी के कहने पर इन्होने देष में राश्ट्रपति आपातवाल की घोशणा की थी (1975)

 

6 भारत के छठे राश्ट्रपति नीलम संजीव रेडडी बने। ये 1977 से 1982 तक राश्ट्रपति के पद पर रहे। ये राश्ट्रपति के पद पर चुने जाने वाले इकलौते ऐसे उम्मीदवार थें, जिन्हे निर्विरोध इस पद पर चुना गया था । ये राश्ट्रपाित भवन के बजाय किसी छोटे आवास में रहना चाहते थें परन्तु जब इन्हें समझाया गया की ऐसा करना सुरक्षा कारणों से उचित नहीं होगा तब वे मान गए ।

7 भारत के सातवंे राश्ट्रपति ज्ञानी जैल सिंह हुए । ये 1982 से1987 तक राश्ट्रपति के पद पर रहें ।  इन्होनें उस समय की राजीव गाँधी सरकार द्वारा पास किये गए “भरतीय डाकघर अधि.” पर “पॉकेट वीटो” का प्रयोग किया ।  पॉकेट वीटो की षक्ति द्वारा राश्ट्रपति को यह षक्ति दी गई है, कि संसद द्वारा पारित विधेयक (धन विधेयक और संविधान संषोधन विधेयक को छोड़कर ) को राश्ट्रपति या तो अनुमति देते है, या विधेयक को पुनविचार के लिए लौटा देते है या बिना हस्ताक्षर किये अपने पास रख लेते है, इस षक्ति को ही पॉकेट वीटों कहाँ जाता है, जिसका प्रयोग ज्ञानी जैल सिंह ने किया था। यो राजीव गाँधी मंत्रिमण्डल से कई मुद्दो पर जानकारी भी लेते थे। 

 

8 भारते के आठवें राश्ट्रपति आर वेकंटरमन हुए । जो 1987 से 1992 तक राश्ट्रपति रहे। इन्होने अपने कार्यकाल के दौरान 3 प्रधान मंत्रीयों (1988 अण्चण् सिंह को, 1989 में चंद्रषेखर को, 1919 में चण्अण् नरसिम्हा राव ) षपथ दिलवाई थी|

 

 

9 भारत के नवें राश्ट्रपति डॉ षंकर दयाल षर्मा हुए। जो 1992 से 1997 तक राश्ट्रपति रहें ।  इन्होने अपने कार्यकाल के दौरान आई सभी 14 दया याचिकाओं का खारिज किया था ।

 

10 भारत क दसवे राश्ट्रपति कोचेरिल रमन नारायणन हुए। जो 1997 से 2002 तक राश्ट्रपति रहे ।  ये देष के प्रथम दलित राश्ट्रपति थे। इसके समय में इन्होने 1997 में उत्तर प्रदेष में और 1998 में बिहार में क्रमष , च्ड प्ण्ज्ञण् गुजराल और च्ड अटल बिहारी बाजपेयी के राश्ट्रपति षासन लगाने की समय सलाह पर सवाल उठायें, और उन दों राज्यों में राश्ट्रपति षासन नहीं लगा ।

11.भारत के ग्यारहवे राश्ट्रपति डॉ. ।ण्च्ण्श्र अब्दुल कलाम (अबुल पाकिट जैनुल आब्दीन अब्दुल कलाम) हुए। ये 2002 से 2007 तक भारत के राश्ट्रपति रहें। ये प्ैत्व् ;प्दकपंद ेचंबम तमेमंतबी वतहंदप्रंजपवदद्ध में वैज्ञानिक रहे और च्ैस्ट;च्वसंत ेंजमससपजम संनबी अमीपबसमद्ध के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया,च्ैस्ट को श्जीम ूवता ीवतेम व िप्ैत्व्श् के नाम से जाना जाता है। इन्होंने भारत के लिए ‘‘अग्नि‘‘ और ‘‘पृथ्वी‘‘ मिसाइलों के विकास में महत्पूर्ण भूमिका निभाई, इसलिए इन्हें ‘‘मिसाइल मैन ऑफ इंडिया‘‘ भी कहा जाता है। 1997 में इन्हें ‘‘भारत रत्न‘‘ पुरस्कार भी दिया गया।

 

12भातर की बारहवी राश्ट्रपति श्रीमति प्रतिभा देवी सिंह पटिल हुई। ये भारत की प्रथम महिला राश्ट्रपति थी ।  ये 2007 से 2012 तक राश्ट्रपति रही।

13.भारत के तेरहवे राश्ट्रपति प्रणव मुखर्जी हुए। ये 2012 से 2017 तक राश्ट्रपति के पद पर रहे। ये ऐसे राश्ट्रपति हुए जिन्होंने सबसे ज्यादा 30 दया याचिकायें खारिज की। इन्होंने राश्ट्रपति के लिए उपयोग किये जाने वाले षब्द ‘‘महामहीम‘‘ को बन्द करवाया। 1967 में यक राज्यसभा में 2004 से 2006 के बीच रक्षा मंत्री रहे, और इसके बाद 3 साल के लिए विदेष मंत्री, फिर 2009 से 2012 के बीच वित्त मंत्री रहे। उन्हें सर्वश्रेश्ठ वित्त मंत्री का पुरस्कार भी दिया गया था। ‘‘क्षेत्रीय गा्रमीण बैंक‘‘ और श्छ।ठ।त्क्श् ;छंजपवदंस इंदा व िंहतपबनसजनतम ंदक तनतंस कमअमसवचउमदजद्ध बनाने में उनका महत्वपूर्ण योगदान था। इन्हें 2019 में ‘‘भारत रात्न‘‘ पुरस्कार से नवाजा गया।

14. भारत के चौदहवे राश्ट्रपति रामनाथ कोविंद हुए। जो 2017 से 2022 तक राश्ट्रपति रहे। ये ‘‘सिविल सर्वंेट‘‘ भी रहे थे। 1971 में बवनदबपस व िक्मसीप ने कोविंद जी को ‘‘एडवोकट‘‘ का दर्जा दिया। ये 1998-2002 तक ‘‘बीजेपी दलित मोर्चा‘‘ और ‘‘ ऑल इंडिया फुली समाज‘‘ के अध्यक्ष रहंे। फिर ये उ.प्र. से राज्य सभा संासद के रूप में चुने गये। ये 12 वर्श तक संसद के सदस्य रहे। 2015 में ये बिहार के गवर्नर बने।

15. भारत की पंद्रहवी राश्ट्रपति श्रीमति द्रौपदी मुर्मू जी ने 25 जुलाई 2022 को षपथ ली। ये भारत की दूसरी महिला और देष की पहली आदिवासी महिला राश्ट्रपति हैं। इन्होंने कुछ समय उड़िसा में एक षिक्षक के रूप में तथा ओड़िसा सिंचाई विभाग में जुनियर असिस्टेंट के रूप में कार्य किया। सन् 1997 मे नौकरी छोड़ पार्शद चुनाव लड़ा। सन् 2000 में ओड़िष विधान सभा की सदस्य बनी, ओड़िषा में इन्होनें परिवहन और वाणिज्य, मत्स्यपालन और पषुपालन विभागों को मंत्री के रूप में भी सम्भाला। 2015 में यें झारखण्ड की राज्यपाल बनी। द्रौपदी मुर्मू भारत की संथाल जनजाति से सम्बधित हैं। ये भारत की सबसे कम उम्र की राश्ट्रपति भी बन गई है, जिस दिन इन्होंने अपना नामांकन राश्ट्रपति पद के लिए भरा उस दिन उनकी उम्र 64 वर्श 46 दिन थी। ये भारत की पहली ऐसी राश्ट्रपति भी हैं, जिनका देष की आजादी के बाद हुआ है।

 

 उपरोक्त राश्ट्रपतियों के जानकारी के आधार पर हम कह सकते है, कि संविधान राश्ट्रपति को कुछ ऐसी षक्तियाँ प्रदान करता है, जिसका उपयोग कर राश्ट्रपति देष के संविधान और लोकतन्त्रा की रक्षा करते है ।  अनुच्छेद - 78 के अनुसार राश्ट्रपति प्रधानमंत्री ओर उनके मंत्रीमण्डल से जुडे सभी निर्णय और कार्यो की जानकारी माँग सकते है। इस प्रकार राश्ट्रपति प्रकार राश्ट्रपति जी ‘‘वीटों‘‘ षक्ति का उपयोग कर किसी ऐसे कानून को बनाने से भी रोक सकते हैं, जो सरकार ने जल्दबाजी मे संसद में बनाया हो और जो देषहीत में न हों।

 लेखिका- शम्भुनाथ  विश्वकर्मा 

Goods and Services Tax is a comprehensive indirect tax levied at prescribed rate on every supply of goods and services, GST act was passed on 24th March, 2017 and was applied to its full capacity on 1st July, sole motive behind this was 'One Nation,One Tax'. GST Council is headed by the Finance Minister's of the Central as well as the State government, it was a committee 21 members who worked on GST Bill which was proposed in the both the Parliament Houses.When GST was first launched it had percentage bifurcation of 5%,12%,18%,28%, in which Petroleum Products,Alcoholic drinks and also Electricity was not taken under the federal tax system wherein it was handled by the States under their Individual Tax Systems.

GST has replaced many indirect taxes levied by Central and State Government, all Indirect taxes levied by Central and State government, all Indirect Taxes have been merged in a single tax i.e.GST. Moving ahead as GST completes a tenure of 5 years few new implications have been brought into, some of them are:-

● 5% GST on pre packed,labelled food items like atta,paneer ans curd.

● 12% GST on hospital rooms with tariff of upto ₹1000 a day, maps and charts.

● 5%GST on hospital rooms, not on ICU with rent above ₹5000.

● 18%GST on Tetra Packs.

● Substantial increase of GST in solar water heater from 5% to 12%

● 12 %GST on bio medical waste treatment facilities. GST has substantial effects on the country, working mechanism of GST is that it is levied on each and every stage where in the goods and services are consumed and also it has been bifurcated into three categories:-

● CGST

● SGST

● IGST

This taxation pattern has brought a revolutionary change in the tax paying system of the country as it might seem that a seller or buyer is paying a huge amount of tax but the hidden charges being removed from it, Small and Medium enterprises have certainly benefited from this pattern.

Simple tax pattern helps any individual understand how much amount are they investing in paying taxes moreover, since GST has uniformed rate of tax so it has boosted up the production of country.

Considering the earlier tax rate service charges was 15% which has rosen up to 18% to 25% in the service sector which undoubtedly has increased the burden on common man's pocket which in turn is a negative signal for GST. Since the GST has given rise to the inflation price which is a alarming sign for a smooth conduct of taxation policy.Also the tax filing process was earlier easy but now GST has made it little bit more complex which means a common man needs to go to an experienced person and seek help for the same which in turn will increase the cost for same. GST is certainly beneficial in the long run only if there is a proper check over the rates.

Author:- Tanushree Thakur